What’s Sex (Composition) Got to Do with It? The Importance of Sex Composition of Gangs for Female and Male Members’ Offending and Victimization

Sex composition of groups has been theorized in organizational sociology and found in prior work to structure female and male members’ behaviors and experiences. Peer group and gang literature similarly finds that the sex gap in offending varies across groups of differing sex ratios. Drawing on this and other research linking gang membership, offending, and victimization, we examine whether sex composition of gangs is linked to sex differences in offending in this sample, further assess whether sex composition similarly structures females’ and males’ victimization experiences, and if so, why. Self-report data from gang members in a multi-site, longitudinal study of 3,820 youths are employed. Results support previous findings about variations in member delinquency by both sex and sex composition of the gang and also indicate parallel variations in members’ victimization. These results are further considered within the context of facilitating effects such as gender dynamics, gang characteristics, and normative orientation

Relationship between Facial Attractiveness and Occlusal Treatment Outcomes: A Retrospective Study

The goal of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between pretreatment facial attractiveness and posttreatment occlusal outcome in orthodontic patients. A randomized sample of forty-seven patients (26 males, 21 females) was selected for inclusion in this study. Orthodontic evaluators rated pretreatment patient photographs (frontal smile, frontal, profile) using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). Occlusal outomes were evaluated using percentage reduction in weighted Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index scores and the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO-OGS). Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between pretreatment VAS attractiveness ratings and posttreatment occlusal scores. There was a fair correlation between facial attractiveness and reduction in weighted PAR index scores for all patients (r=.41, p\u3c.01) and for male patients (r=.48, p\u3c.05). The results showed a good correlation between facial attractiveness and the ABO-OGS for females (r=-.55, p\u3c.05)

Local History and The Bicentennial Year In Maine: A Review Essay

This article discusses the types of Maine community histories produced around the 1976 bicentennial

Culture and Military Effectiveness: How Societal Traits Influence Battle Outcomes

What must states do to ensure victory on the field of battle? Conventional scholarship claims that a number of material and institutional factors significantly affect a nation’s ability to generate military power. Recent studies suggest that other factors, including levels of education, civil-military relations, and western culture also play an important role. This new line of logic is important because these factors tend to be glaringly absent from rigorous concepts of military power. The principle finding of this study is that culture matters and that it matters more than originally thought. Culture is admittedly complex, intangible, and difficult to count, but empirical evidence shows that culture manifests concrete effects in combat, at times determining battlefield outcomes. Culture’s absence from meaningful definitions of military power results in world leaders, military commanders, and learned scholars making important political, operational, and theoretical decisions with only partial information. Put plainly, decision-makers cannot accurately assess the martial capabilities of themselves or others without accounting for culture. Consequently, national leaders likely perceive threats where none exists; ignore threats that truly matter; place great trust in incapable allies, and turn away competent help. Moreover, this ignorance of what truly matters in combat means that much of a state’s potential military capability remains untapped and left to happenstance

Mechanism of ammoniation in Aerobacter aerogenes

Whole cells and cell-free extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes possess an enzyme system which actively ammoniates alpha-ketoglutarate The enzyme was obtained in cell-free solution; its action was similar to that in resting cells or growing cells;The concentration of glutamate formed by growing cells in the aerobic dissimilation of a carbon source in higher than that formed under anaerobic conditions. The same is not true far long dialyzed juices where more glutamate is formed anaerobically;The enzyme(s) participating in the ammoniation of alpha-ketoglutarate may be located near the surface of the cell;Short time experiments employing N15 have shown aspartate as a possible product of ammoniation;Alanine and aspartate are formed in high concentra-tion as products of anaerobic dissimilation of a substrate;Reductive ammoniation of pyruvate was not shown. Pyruvate is involved in the synthesis of aspartate because of its role in carbon dioxide fixation. Pyruvate is also significant in the formation of glutamate. A C2 + C3 condensation has been suggested to be followed by ammoniation of a resulting five-carbon compound;Sodium fluoride inhibits ammoniation in dialyzed juices; the inhibition can be relieved by manganous sulfate. Sodium arsenite and methadon hydrochloride accentuate the formation of alanine and to a lesser degree that of aspartate and glutamate

Aggregates in Self-Consolidating Concrete

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is an advanced type of concrete that can flow through intricate geometrical configurations under its own mass without vibration or segregation. A research project was conducted to investigate the role of aggregates in SCC. Although SCC can be proportioned with a wide range of aggregates, the selection of favorable aggregate characteristics can significantly enhance the economy and performance of SCC. The objectives of the research project were to evaluate the effects of specific aggregate characteristics and mixture proportions on the workability and hardened properties of SCC, to identify favorable aggregate characteristics for SCC, and to develop guidelines for proportioning SCC with any set of aggregates. The effects of aggregate grading; maximum size; shape, angularity, and texture; clay content; and packing density were evaluated. Separately, the effects of mixture proportions, cementitious materials, and chemical admixtures were evaluated. In total, 12 fine aggregates, 7 coarse aggregates, and 6 microfines were tested. Tests were conducted on paste, mortar, and concrete. Paste measurements were conducted to evaluate the effects of cement, fly ash, microfines, high-range water-reducing admixture (HRWRA), and viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) on rheological properties. Mortar measurements were conducted to evaluate the effects of fine aggregates, microfines, and mixture proportions on workability and hardened properties. Concrete measurements were conducted to evaluate the effects of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, microfines, and mixture proportions on workability and hardened properties. Target properties for SCC workability were defined as a function of the application and in terms of filling ability, passing ability, segregation resistance, and rheology. Seven workability test methods were evaluated extensively to provide sound, engineering justifications for their use and for the interpretation of their results. Specific tests for filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance were recommended. Based on the results of this research and well-established principles from the literature, a mixture proportioning procedure for SCC was developed.Aggregates Foundation for Technology, Research, and Education (AFTRE)Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineerin

ICAR Mixture Proportioning Procedure for Self-Consolidating Concrete

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is an advanced type of concrete that can flow under its own mass without vibration, pass through intricate geometrical configurations, and resist segregation. The use of SCC can result in increased construction productivity, improved jobsite safety, and improved concrete quality. To achieve SCC workability, the materials and mixture proportions must be carefully selected. The ICAR mixture proportioning procedure was developed as part of ICAR Research Project 108: Aggregates in Self-Consolidating Concrete. This research project evaluated the workability and hardened properties of SCC mixtures composed of a wide range of materials and mixture proportions. The ICAR mixture proportioning procedure is based on a fundamental, rheology-based framework for concrete workability and is designed and written to be accessible and comprehensible. The procedure provides specific guidelines for each aspect of the mixture proportioning process but intentionally avoids long calculations or restrictive, discrete inputs. Instead, deliberate laboratory testing is conducted with actual job materials to establish final mixture proportions efficiently. All required testing is conducted with methods standardized by ASTM International.Aggregates Foundation for Technology, Research, and Education (AFTRE)Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineerin

The cross section for the radiative capture of protons by C13 at 129 kev

The cross section for the capture of protons by C13 at 129 kilovolts is σ=5±1×10^-33 cm^2. This measurement was made possible through the use of a scintillation counter that had an over-all detection efficiency of 8.7 percent, and a pulsed ion source that had a peak proton current capability of one milliampere. A rough analysis of the radiation shows that 80 percent is due to the transition to the ground state of N14, while the exact nature of the remaining 20 percent was not determined

Therapeutic and prophylactic gastrectomy in a family with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer secondary to a CDH1 mutation: a case series

Abstract Background Gastric cancer is the fifth most prevalent and the third most lethal cancer worldwide, causing approximately 720,000 deaths annually. Although most cases of gastric cancers are sporadic, one of its inherited forms, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), constitutes about 1–3% of cases. Interestingly, females in families with HDGC are also predisposed to developing lobular breast cancer (LBC). Recent analyses have identified loss-of-function germline mutations in cadherein-1 (CDH1) as a culprit in HDGC and LBC. This discovery fueled several sequencing analyses and case series reports analyzing the pattern of inheritance of CDH1 and its propensity to induce HDGC. In 2015, a multinational and multidisciplinary task force updated the guidelines and criteria for screening, diagnosing, and managing HDGC. Case presentation Here, we present a case series of three siblings with family history of HDGC who tested positive for the CDH1 mutation and describe their surgical treatment course, post-operative management, and follow-up as they pertain to the updated guidelines. Conclusions Despite recent updates in guidelines in the diagnosis and management of HDGC, the disease remains challenging to address with patients given the high level of uncertainty and the comorbidities associated with prophylactic intervention. We strongly recommend that an interdisciplinary team inclusive of clinical and surgical oncologists, along with geneticists, social work, and psychological support, should follow the patients in a longitudinal and comprehensive manner in order to achieve full recovery and return to normalcy, as with our patients.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144774/1/12957_2018_Article_1415.pd